 |
| I was brooding and see one of the craters on the papandayan mountain, woww amazing |
The History of Papandayan
crater
BY K Kusumadinata and
recopied by Y3p.
Crater name :
Bungbrung, Alinalun, Parugpug, Papandayaan, Kawahmas, Kawahbaru, Nangklak Crater and Crater
Manuk.
Volcano Type :
Strato Mixed
Layout :
Orchestra, Priangan, Garut.
Position geography : 70 19 South latitude. 107o
44 'East Longitude (Atlas Trop. Nederl,
1938. Sheet 20).
High on the face of
the Sea : 2665 m (Atlas Trop. Nederl) .
High above the
plains Garut : 1950 M
A.
SHAPE
AND STRUCTURE
According to
Neumann van Padang (1951), p.83) is a pipe from southern cone of a volcano row.
It crater eruptions move several times. 4 pieces of large craters can be known;
including the crater alunalun still have the edge in the form of good.
Papandayaan crater is the youngest crater; the volcano showed symptoms of the
last century and now shows activity formulas.
B.
HOW
TO ACHIEVE PEAK CRATER
1. From the Direction Cisurupan (Garut) Path can be reached by Motorsycle
from passing Cisurupan Janggol. through a fairly wide walking ; Barukacang,
Seuseupan, Leuweng Oa, Sorakteko, Tapakpaku, Sasak Ciparugpug, Cukang Panayasa,
Cipanas, Cingenah, Batukukus, Rejeng and Pelalangon. 2 hour long trip to the
hot springs northeast of the crater.
2. From the Direction Cileuleuy (PANGALENGAN) Cileuleuy up road from
the west crater sea as far as 8 km. Everything can be reached by vehicles
passing Panimbangan, Gombong, Padaawas, pendok Sero, Cikopi Warung Tegal
Bungbrun, Cokrahan until the roundabout crater.
C.
CRATER
ACTIVITIES
1. 1772 According to Mohr, as written by Leupe
(1773, p.83 - 96) at night, 11-12 August 1772 between the hours of 2 and 3
giant flames spewing from the sea mountain, for 5 minutes, and swagger followed
by a debris struck an area of approximately 250 km2. According Neumann van
sword (1951 p 83) . The eruption has occurred in the central crater, then
normal explosion or, paretic, which destroyed 40 villages with the 2951
victims. The victim is not impossible due to heat clouds (Taverne, 1924). The
strength of the eruption can be described as follows:
2. 1923 1925 eruptions
occurred between March 11th, 1923 and March 9th, 1925
occurred on the 12th place in the activities new crater, and 3rd
place in the crater nangklak. The explosion was not preceded by a noticeable
rise in temperature, both of the eyes or of copies fumarolnya hot water.
According Taveine 91 924), the eruptions are not dangerous, patterned
secondary, namely the eruption of steam, Part of caused by water in the ground, which has
permeated through the kitchen magma located below the bottom of the crater, and
partly because magma showing increased activity. Activities for several years
as a result of this comes a new craters and crater Nangklak.
3. 1942
on August 15 to 16 holes come the new eruption.
D.
LIMITS THE DANGER AREA
Based on these events that the eruption papandayan known only ever
happened twice, in 1772 and during 1923-1925.
The Major eruption occurred in
1772 such events only known information was little known, while in 1923 and
1925 eruptions small, so it can be classified as an increase in activity.
The eruption in
1772 caused no casualties as much as 2951 Taverne said “that hot cloud have play
a role during the eruption .In 1924 drafted a danger path is it, and Stoppers flow
Lava, the danger of cold lava and ash danger. An Eflata
danger such as volcanic bomb is not called call. because the danger area only
constitute a sector, namely sector east crater, to open crater .if we pay attention to the map, there is an
impression, that when a major eruption, one can approach the crater, as long as
the department of the West, South or North. In addition
Taverne argues; that
rain lava can occur
in the direction of hot clouds and lava. In spite of the strength is smaller, lava
rain may occur from
Abu fine (of
rain Abu), no
need of Ladu. And Abu fine could fall around
its slope depends on the wind direction, apart from the river towards the north-east also to
rivers that disgorge to the summit of Papandayan Mount and Puntang flowing
lava, though not so
great.
The hot cloud can be worried and get off at the west slopes of the crater, if the next Northeastern Ladu is fully charged.
The hot cloud can be worried and get off at the west slopes of the crater, if the next Northeastern Ladu is fully charged.
Taverne tracks danger area from being used as the basis for
the map chart temporary danger area. Withdrawal limits of danger and
watchfulness is done by Wikartadipura (1970) in the field. So different from
Taverne chart, chart maps the danger area while being updated also based on the
danger of bombs and lava rain that is not origins Ladu.
E.
DANGER
AREA
Based on the spread
of volcanic bombs and eflata spewed directly from the point of eruption, the
area that is considered dangerous is a circle area with a radius of 5 km and
gold crater as its center. Lane area north-east in general will be crushed
danger. Based on Lava flows, lava hot cloud and rain, the danger area was
expanded to the northeast.
Strip danger area Taverne version (1924) is
generally hot and Cloud area can actually be regarded as restricted areas,
namely between Bayongbong and Cisurupan. The fountainhead,
this sections are; Cigunung, Gandasoli, Cidayeuh Luhur, Cibeureum Gede and
Leutik, Cibojong, Ciuparukpuk then in the south Ciawigembong, Cisepanareuy, and
Cibeureum. Lava that will pass through the valley of all rivers eventually be
accommodated by Cimanuk.
F.
PETROGRAPHY
Van meadow Neumann Opinions (1951, p.84), the rock consists of andesitic
hipersten augit, some of which
contain small hornblende needles. East leg found in olivine in the rock. seven
rock samples of lava have long been collected in 1971 and 1972 by Nichols and
assisted by Kusumadinata and Wikartadipura. According to the analysis conducted
at the University of Australia in figures obtained as follows;
SiO2
|
56,2 %
|
56,75 %
|
57, 96 %
|
58,0 %
|
60,0 %
|
61,8 %
|
66,23 %
|
TiO2
|
0,8 4
|
0, 77
|
1,02
|
0,82
|
1,00
|
0,70
|
0,53
|
Ai2O3
|
17,93
|
18,87
|
16,8
|
18,3
|
16,70
|
16,75
|
15,37
|
Fe2O3
|
2,97
|
2,10
|
2,18
|
3,13
|
3,06
|
2,02
|
2,33
|
FeO
|
5,11
|
4,24
|
5,75
|
3,60
|
4,18
|
3,32
|
2,26
|
MnO
|
0,16
|
0,12
|
0,17
|
0,13
|
0,13
|
0,11
|
0,09
|
MgO
|
3,80
|
2,81
|
2,89
|
2,58
|
2,00
|
2,12
|
1,51
|
CaO
|
7,51
|
7,75
|
6,54
|
7,31
|
5,35
|
4,88
|
3,76
|
Na2O
|
3,03
|
2,96
|
3,66
|
3,09
|
4,05
|
3,35
|
3,08
|
K2O
|
1,12
|
1,43
|
1,30
|
1,55
|
1,56
|
1,92
|
2,86
|
P2O5
|
0,18
|
0,19
|
0,22
|
0,18
|
0,25
|
0,17
|
0,13
|
H2O
|
0,75
|
1,35
|
0,69
|
1,14
|
1,36
|
1,67
|
1,67
|
99,63
|
99,34
|
99,28
|
99,83
|
99,64
|
99,81
|
99,81
|
0 comments:
Post a Comment